Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Atherosclerosis
- Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies
- Arrhythmias and Electrophysiology
- Structural Heart Diseases and Valvular Disorders
- Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) and Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Heart Failure
- Peripheral Artery Disease
- Inflammatory and Autoimmune Cardiac Disorders
- Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
- Rare and Emerging Cardiovascular Disorders
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, remaining the leading cause of death worldwide, with heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure being the primary contributors. Common CVDs include coronary artery disease (CAD), arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and peripheral artery disease. The primary causes of these conditions are often atherosclerosis, hypertension, and lifestyle factors like poor diet, smoking, and physical inactivity. Genetic factors and metabolic syndromes, such as diabetes, also contribute to the development of CVDs. Symptoms vary widely, from chest pain and shortness of breath to fatigue and palpitations, often progressing silently until severe events, such as a heart attack or stroke, occur. Early detection through diagnostic imaging, blood tests, and physical examinations is vital to prevent further complications and improve outcomes. Treatment options range from lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and increased exercise, to medications like statins and beta-blockers. In more severe cases, interventional procedures like stenting or surgery may be necessary. Ongoing research is focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying CVDs, which could lead to advancements in personalized medicine and more targeted treatments. Additionally, the integration of regenerative therapies and artificial intelligence-driven diagnostics is showing promise in improving patient care and outcomes. By better understanding the causes and mechanisms of CVDs, these innovations aim to provide more effective prevention strategies, enhance early detection, and ultimately reduce the global burden of heart disease.
